The peony is one of the most beloved perennial flowers, known for its lush, romantic blooms and timeless charm. With their large, layered petals and sweet fragrance, peonies flower from late spring to early summer, captivating gardeners and florists alike. These plants are native to regions across Europe, Asia, and North America and come in a wide array of types and colors. From garden classics to bold hybrids, peonies are easy to grow and can thrive for decades with proper care. In this guide, you'll learn what defines a peony, the types available, and how to grow them for season after season of stunning blooms. For a deeper dive into plant definitions and terminology, visit our Botanical Glossary and explore the full peony categories.
Peony at a Glance: Botanical Profile
The peony belongs to the genus Paeonia, which is the sole genus in the family Paeoniaceae. There are approximately 30–35 recognized species worldwide. These plants are primarily native to temperate zones in Eurasia and western North America. Depending on the variety, peony plants may grow in wild meadows, mountainous slopes, or cultivated gardens, thriving in well-drained soils with plenty of sunlight.
Peony plants are classified into three main types: herbaceous peonies, which die back to the ground each winter; woody tree peonies, which keep their structure year-round; and intersectional (Itoh) peonies, hybrids that combine the best traits of both. Their flowers vary in shape and size — from single-petal styles to full, ruffled doubles — and they come in a wide color palette including white, pink, red, yellow, and coral.
In addition to their ornamental appeal, some peony species, especially Paeonia lactiflora, are valued in traditional Chinese medicine for their roots, which are used to support circulation and ease inflammation. Today, peony plants are widely cultivated for both garden beauty and cut-flower use.
What Does the Peonies Flower Look Like?
The peony flower is famous for its breathtaking beauty, displaying full, round blooms that can span 6 to 10 inches in diameter. Petals may appear in delicate layers or bold clusters, depending on the variety. There are several recognized flower forms:
- Single peony plants have a simple ring of petals around visible stamens.
- Double or full blooms are lush and layered, often resembling roses.
- Japanese and anemone forms feature a central cluster of modified stamens that add texture and depth.
Peony blooms come in an impressive color spectrum, ranging from soft blush pinks and pure whites to deep reds, bright fuchsias, yellows, and even coral tones. Some varieties, like 'Coral Charm,' open in one color and fade to another, adding dynamic visual interest.
The flowering period typically begins in late spring and may last into early summer, depending on the type and local climate. Peony plants are often categorized by bloom time — early, midseason, and late — making it possible to extend the floral display by combining varieties.
Whether grown for garden beauty or cut flower arrangements, peony plants are a showstopper.
Types of Peony plants: Herbaceous, Tree and Intersectional
Peonies are generally divided into three main categories: herbaceous peony, tree peony, and intersectional peony (also known as Itoh hybrids). Each type offers unique features suited to different garden styles and growing conditions.
Herbaceous Peonies
These are the traditional garden peony plants found in many temperate-climate landscapes. Herbaceous peony dies back completely in winter and reemerges each spring from underground tubers. They are prized for their full, rounded flowers and are very low maintenance once established. Popular varieties include:
- Sarah Bernhardt – classic pink double blooms
- Festiva Maxima – white with crimson flecks
- Dr. Alexander Fleming – fragrant rose-pink blooms
Find more magnificent plants in our herbaceous peonies collection.
Tree Peonies
Unlike herbaceous types, tree peonies have woody stems that remain above ground year-round. They bloom earlier, often with larger flowers, and can produce a dramatic architectural effect in the garden. Tree peonies prefer a bit of shelter from harsh sun or wind and are slow-growing but long-lived. Standouts include:
- Kamata Nishiki – large lavender-pink blooms
- High Noon – yellow blossoms with citrus fragrance
Discover our curated tree peonies selection and find the best plants for your garden.
Intersectional (Itoh) Peonies
Itoh peonies are hybrids between herbaceous and tree types. They combine the best of both worlds: sturdy stems that don't flop, extended blooming seasons, and stunning flower shapes. Itohs die back like herbaceous types but have the vigor and bloom density of tree peonies. Popular examples:
- Bartzella – vibrant yellow double blooms
-
Cora Louise – white petals with lavender centers
Order more mesmerising flowers from our ITOH peonies collection.
Each type of peony brings something different to the garden, allowing you to mix and match for extended color, form, and fragrance across the season.
What Is the Symbolism and Meaning of Peonies?
The peony has held deep symbolic meaning in many cultures for centuries. Its lush blooms and graceful appearance have made it a favorite not only in gardens but also in art, literature, and ceremonial traditions around the world.
In Chinese culture, the peony (牡丹 mǔdān) is regarded as the "King of Flowers" and a symbol of wealth, honor, and nobility. It has been associated with imperial gardens since the Tang dynasty and often appears in traditional paintings and embroidery. Even today, it remains a popular motif for good fortune and high social status.
In European traditions, especially during the Victorian era, peony flower symbolism leaned more toward romantic love, bashfulness, and fidelity. Their full blossoms came to represent deep emotion, enduring marriage, and mutual devotion. This makes them a popular choice for romantic bouquets and wedding floral arrangements.
In modern wedding floristry, the peony is a top-tier bloom, often used in bridal bouquets to symbolize a happy marriage, prosperity, and beauty. Its association with love and femininity makes it ideal for anniversary celebrations and as a floral gift.
Whether in cultural festivals or personal milestones, the peony continues to embody elegance, emotional depth, and a timeless charm. To explore more about peony and other floral meanings, visit our blog on flower meanings.
How to Grow and Care for Peonies
Growing peonies flower is a long-term investment in beauty. These perennial plants are not only stunning but also extremely hardy and low maintenance when properly established. With the right care, a single peony plant can thrive and bloom for over 50 years in the same location.
Planting
Choose a sunny spot with well-drained soil. Peony plants need at least 6 hours of direct sunlight daily. Space them generously to ensure good air circulation. When planting bare-root peonies, place the eyes (buds) no more than 2 inches below the soil surface to encourage blooming.
Watering and Fertilizing
Water peony plants regularly, especially in their first year or during dry spells. Once established, they’re quite drought-tolerant. Apply a balanced fertilizer in early spring when new growth appears and again after blooming to support root development.
Pruning and Support
Remove spent flowers (deadheading) to promote better energy distribution. For tall varieties, install supports or rings in spring to prevent flopping. In autumn, cut back herbaceous varieties to the ground after the first frost to avoid disease.
Winter Care
Tree and Itoh peonies retain above-ground stems, so prune only lightly. Herbaceous types naturally die back and benefit from winter mulching, especially in colder climates. Avoid covering the crown directly to prevent rot.
Peony plants prefer minimal disturbance once planted. Avoid frequent transplanting and trust that these hardy perennials will reward patience with spectacular blooms year after year. For full planting instructions and seasonal tips, visit our peony planting & care guide.
Conclusion: The Timeless Beauty of the Peony
From elegant blooms to enchanting fragrance, the peony offers a captivating presence in any garden. With a wide range of forms, colors, and growth types, peony flowers beautifully across climates and styles. Whether you're drawn to their symbolism, longevity, or sheer visual appeal, there's always a reason to plant peonies. Add them to your garden and enjoy decades of graceful blooming. Explore more in our all peonies collection.
Shop Peonies for Every Garden Style
Discover the perfect peony for your garden with our curated collections. Whether you're looking for early-bloomers, richly fragrant varieties, unique ITOH hybrids, or timeless shades of pink, white, or red, we have options to suit every taste and growing condition. Each peony is selected for beauty, performance, and garden charm. Find your next favorite today in our peonies product categories.
Common Questions About Peonies
How long do peonies bloom?
Peonies typically bloom for 7 to 10 days, depending on the variety and weather conditions. However, by planting a mix of early, midseason, and late-blooming peonies, you can extend your garden’s flowering period to last for up to 6 weeks from late spring to early summer. Regular deadheading and good care will help prolong the display.
Are peonies perennials?
Yes, peony plants are long-lived perennials. Once established, they return and bloom beautifully year after year, often thriving in the same spot for decades. Some peonies flower reliably for 50 years or more without needing to be divided or transplanted, making them a lasting addition to your garden.
Can I grow peonies in pots?
While peonies prefer being planted directly in the ground, it is possible to grow compact varieties in large, deep containers. Ensure the pot has excellent drainage and provide full sunlight. Container-grown peonies may require more winter protection and careful watering, especially during hot months.
Do peonies need full sun?
Yes, peony plants thrive in full sun, needing at least 6 hours of direct sunlight daily to bloom well. While they can tolerate partial shade, too little light may result in weak stems, fewer blooms, or even no flowering at all. Choose an open, bright location for best performance.
What’s the difference between herbaceous and tree peonies?
Herbaceous peonies die back to the ground each winter and re-emerge in spring. Tree peonies, on the other hand, have woody stems that remain above ground year-round. Tree peonies tend to bloom earlier and often have larger flowers, while herbaceous types are more common and easier to grow. Both belong to the peony family and offer stunning blooms.